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The RSA cipher (and any public key cipher) not only provides encryption, but it can also provide a way to digitally sign a file or string. Remember that RSA has a public key and a private key, and that any string that is encrypted with one key produces ciphertext that can only. While working with lists, sometimes we wish to initialize the list with the English alphabets a-z. This is an essential utility in competitive programming and also in certain applications.

May 21, 2018 In this video we'll be learning how to create our own license keys using Python, we'll also be using our own algorithm to verify keys we create. Go to for more! Key generation is the process of generating keys in cryptography. A key is used to encrypt and decrypt whatever data is being encrypted/decrypted. A device or program used to generate keys is called a key generator or keygen.

Generation Based on Character Sets

This password generation method is the recommended way to generate random passwords. Other methods (pattern-based generation, ..) should only be used if passwords must follow special rules or fulfill certain conditions.

Generation based on a character set is very simple. You simply let KeePass know which characters can be used (e.g. upper-case letters, digits, ..) and KeePass will randomly pick characters out of the set.

Defining a character set:
The character set can be defined directly in the password generator window. /cd-key-generator-diablo-3-chomikuj.html. For convenience, KeePass offers adding commonly used ranges of characters to the set. This is done by ticking the appropriate check box. Additionally to these predefined character ranges, you can specify characters manually: all characters that you enter in the 'Also include the following characters' text box will be directly added to the character set.

The characters that you enter in the 'Also include the following characters' text box are included in the character set from which the password generator randomly chooses characters from. This means that these additional characters are allowed to appear in the generated passwords, but they are not forced to. If you want to force that some characters appear in the generated passwords, you have to use the pattern-based generation.

Character sets are sets:
In mathematical terms, character sets are sets, not vectors. This means that characters cannot be added twice to the set. Either a character is in the set or it is not.

For example, if you enter 'AAAAB' into the additional characters box, this is exactly the same set as 'AB'. 'A' will not be 4 times as likely as 'B'! If you need to follow rules like 'character A is more likely than B', you must use pattern-based generation + permuting password characters.

KeePass will 'optimize' your character set by removing all duplicate characters. If you'd enter the character set 'AAAAB' into the additional characters box, close and reopen the password generator, it'll show the shorter character set 'AB'. Similarly, if you tick the Digits check box and enter '3' into the additional box, the '3' will be ignored because it is already included in the Digits character range.

Supported characters:
All Unicode characters in the ranges [U+0001, U+D7FF] and [U+E000, U+FFFF] except { U+0009 / 't', U+000A / 'n', U+000D / 'r' } are supported. Characters in the range [U+010000, U+10FFFF] (which need to be encoded in UTF-16 using surrogate pairs from [0xD800, 0xDFFF]) are not supported. Subsequent processing of passwords may have further limitations (for example, the character U+FFFF is forbidden in XML/KDBX files and will be replaced or removed).

Generation Based on Patterns

The password generator can create passwords using patterns. A pattern is a string defining the layout of the new password. The following placeholders are supported:

The placeholder is special: it's an escape character. The next character that follows the is written directly into the generated password. If you want a in your password at a specific place, you have to write .

Using the {n} code you can define how many times the previous placeholder should occur. The { } operator duplicates placeholders, not generated characters. Examples:
» d{4} is equivalent to dddd,
» dH{4}a is equivalent to dHHHHa and
» Hda{1}dH is equivalent to HdadH.

The [..] notation can be used to define a custom character set, from which the password generator will pick one character randomly. All characters between the '[' and ']' brackets follow the same rules as the placeholders above. The '^' character removes the next placeholders from the character set. Examples:
» [dp] generates exactly 1 random character out of the set digits + punctuation,
» [dm@^3]{5} generates 5 characters out of the set '012456789m@',
» [u_][u_] generates 2 characters out of the set upper-case + '_'.

More examples:

ddddd
Generates for example: 41922, 12733, 43960, 07660, 12390, 74680, ..

Hex: HHHHHH
Generates for example: 'Hex: 13567A', 'Hex: A6B99D', 'Hex: 02243C', ..

Common password patterns:

Generating Passwords that Follow Rules

Below are a few examples how the pattern generation feature can be used to generate passwords that follow certain rules.

Important! For all of the following examples you must enable the 'Randomly permute characters of password' option!

Security-Reducing Options

The password generator supports several options like 'Each character must occur at most once', 'Exclude look-alike characters', and a field to explicitly specify characters that should not appear in generated passwords.

These options are reducing the security of generated passwords. You should only enable them if you are forced to follow such rules by the website/application, for which you are generating the password.

The options can be found in the 'Advanced' dialog / tab page.

Creating and Using Password Generator Profiles

Password generator options (character set, length, pattern, ..) can be saved as password generator profiles.

Creating/modifying a profile:

1. Open the Password Generator window.
2. Specify all options of the new profile.
3. Click the 'Save as Profile' button.
4. Enter the name of the new profile, or select an existing profile name from the drop-down list to overwrite it. Close the dialog with OK.
5. If you want to immediately create a password using the new profile, click OK/Accept. Otherwise click Cancel/Close (the profile is not lost; profile management is independent of password generation).

Using a profile:
To use a profile, simply select it from the drop-down profiles list in the password generator window. All settings of this profile will be restored accordingly.

Meta-profile 'Derive from previous password':
When this meta-profile is selected, a password is generated based on a character set derived from the previous password. The new password has the same length as the old one, and every character of the old password turns on the character subset that contains this character. For example, if the old password contains the letter 'R', then the character set used for generating the new password contains the range 'A' to 'Z'.
Warning! This meta-profile should not be used blindly (i.e. without reviewing the used character set). The new password does not necessarily contain at least one character from each character subset (see 'Generation Based on Character Sets'), thus blindly generating new passwords with this meta-profile can result in a quality degradation of the effectively used profile.

Configuring Settings of Automatically Generated Passwords for New Entries

When you create a new entry, KeePass will automatically generate a random password for it. The properties of these generated passwords can be configured in the password generator dialog.

To configure, specify the options of your choice and overwrite the '(Automatically generated passwords for new entries)' profile (see section above).

Disabling automatically generated passwords:
To disable automatically generated passwords for new entries, select 'Generate using character set' and specify 0 as password length. Overwrite the appropriate profile (see above).

Key generation is the process of generating keys in cryptography. A key is used to encrypt and decrypt whatever data is being encrypted/decrypted.

A device or program used to generate keys is called a key generator or keygen.

Generation in cryptography[edit]

Modern cryptographic systems include symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms (such as RSA). Symmetric-key algorithms use a single shared key; keeping data secret requires keeping this key secret. Public-key algorithms use a public key and a private key. The public key is made available to anyone (often by means of a digital certificate). A sender encrypts data with the receiver's public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypt this data.

Since public-key algorithms tend to be much slower than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and SSH use a combination of the two: one party receives the other's public key, and encrypts a small piece of data (either a symmetric key or some data used to generate it). The remainder of the conversation uses a (typically faster) symmetric-key algorithm for encryption.

Computer cryptography uses integers for keys. In some cases keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). A PRNG is a computeralgorithm that produces data that appears random under analysis. PRNGs that use system entropy to seed data generally produce better results, since this makes the initial conditions of the PRNG much more difficult for an attacker to guess. Another way to generate randomness is to utilize information outside the system. veracrypt (a disk encryption software) utilizes user mouse movements to generate unique seeds, in which users are encouraged to move their mouse sporadically. In other situations, the key is derived deterministically using a passphrase and a key derivation function.

Many modern protocols are designed to have forward secrecy, which requires generating a fresh new shared key for each session.

Classic cryptosystems invariably generate two identical keys at one end of the communication link and somehow transport one of the keys to the other end of the link.However, it simplifies key management to use Diffie–Hellman key exchange instead.

The simplest method to read encrypted data without actually decrypting it is a brute-force attack—simply attempting every number, up to the maximum length of the key. Therefore, it is important to use a sufficiently long key length; longer keys take exponentially longer to attack, rendering a brute-force attack impractical. Currently, key lengths of 128 bits (for symmetric key algorithms) and 2048 bits (for public-key algorithms) are common.

Generation in physical layer[edit]

Wireless channels[edit]

A wireless channel is characterized by its two end users. By transmitting pilot signals, these two users can estimate the channel between them and use the channel information to generate a key which is secret only to them.^[1] The common secret key for a group of users can be generated based on the channel of each pair of users.^[2]

Optical fiber[edit]

A key can also be generated by exploiting the phase fluctuation in a fiber link.^{[clarification needed]}

See also[edit]

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• Distributed key generation: For some protocols, no party should be in the sole possession of the secret key. Rather, during distributed key generation, every party obtains a share of the key. A threshold of the participating parties need to cooperate to achieve a cryptographic task, such as decrypting a message.

References[edit]

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1. ^Chan Dai Truyen Thai; Jemin Lee; Tony Q. S. Quek (Feb 2016). 'Physical-Layer Secret Key Generation with Colluding Untrusted Relays'. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 15 (2): 1517–1530. doi:10.1109/TWC.2015.2491935.
2. ^Chan Dai Truyen Thai; Jemin Lee; Tony Q. S. Quek (Dec 2015). 'Secret Group Key Generation in Physical Layer for Mesh Topology'. 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). San Diego. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2015.7417477.

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